Life Union Corporation, 5, The Department of the Star Fleet, Amour Gold Band, Mannaz, Granite Railway, Some History
at www.life-union.com/5/mannaz/graniterailway/somehistory.htm for www.graniterailway.com/somehistory.htm
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2692 BA Hesiod (Greek: Ἡσίοδος Hesiodos) was an early Greek poet and rhapsode, who presumably lived around 700 BCE. Hesiod and Homer, with whom Hesiod is often paired, have been considered the earliest Greek poets whose work has survived since at least Herodotus's time (Histories, 2.53). Historians have debated which lived first, and some authors have even brought them together in an imagined poetic contest. Aristarchus first argued for Homer's priority, a claim that was generally accepted by later antiquity.[1] Modern scholars disagree as to which was earlier; because both livednturies before recorded history (Herodotus admits that his date for the two is his own opinion), this question may never be resolved. Hesiod's writings serve as a major source for knowledge of Greek mythology, farming techniques, archaic Greek astronomy and ancient time-keeping. The Catalog of Women is attributed to Hesoid Greek: γυναικών κατάλογος, Latin: gynaikōn katalogos or at a possible later date as the poem contains a few references to events and things after Hesiod's time that could suggest that they were later added or that the epic is of a completely different author.
2654 BA Byzantium founded by Greek colonists from Megara and named after their king Byzas or Byzantas (Βύζας or Βύζαντας in Greek). The name "Byzantium" is a Latinization of the original name Byzantion. The city is what later evolved to be thenter of the Byzantine Empire, (the Greek-speaking Roman Empire of late Antiquity and the Middle Ages) with the name Constantinople. After the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire, the city became known as Istanbul to the Ottoman Turks, but that didn't become the official name of the city until 1930.
1944 BA III VIR RPC Trivmvrs Gaivs Ivlivs Caesar Octavianvs Avgvstvs, Marcvs Aemilivs Lepidvs, Marcvs Antonivs
1720 BA The Heruli also known as the Sveas, Swedish, Norweigans, Earls, Jarls, Carls trading and disagreements with the people of Byzantium which later became Constantinople now Istanbul. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heruli
757 King Offa of Mercia current day England Sherwood Forest Nottingham area introduces the penny and tower pound fine 99.9% silver as unit of account. A tower pound is 7200 counted wheat grain weight = 5400 barley grain weight.
839 Emperor Theophilus negotiated with the foreigners, whom he called Rhos, to provide a few mercenaries for his army.
860 from Kiev, that the Rus under Askold and Dir launched their first attack on Constantinople. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Varangian_routes.png Purple trade route from Constantinople north to Odessa. through Kiev, Cherson, Pechenegs, Novgorod, Ladoga, Rus States, Lavonia, what is now St. Petersburg or Leningrad, what is now Tallinn, deep into mainland Svealand currently called Sweden into Norweigan interior back to Constantinople. The red trade route throughntral russia north to Bulgur, Volga, Belozero, Atil, through Ladoga and then to Upsalla and also north into Finland and into the interior of the Norweigans and south into the Danish Denmark Dansk into Germany and Nederlands the Angles, Jutes, Saxons, English, south into Scotland and south into Ireland and south into Iceland, Greenland, Terra Nova, Vinland to here of Fall River, Middleboro, Taunton, Raynham, etcetera.
970 Olof Björnsson (ca 970 - 975), was a semi-legendary Swedish king, who according to Hervarar saga and the Styrbjarnar þáttr Svíakappa ruled together with his brother Eric the Victorious. He was the father of Styrbjörn Starke, and he died of poison during a meal. Instead of proclaiming his son Styrbjörn co-ruler, Eric proclaimed his own unborn child co-ruler on condition that it was a son. It was a son who became Olof of Sweden his descendants become the Danish Kings and who married also other Swedish descendants eventually going into Tallinn, which is one of the purple red and orange trade routes of from Constantinople..
1100 Henric Rex HR Henry King, few half farthings 1/480 pound sterling silver coins found by metal detectors
1154 Kolyvan is the name for Tallinn in Arabic and Russian, Tallinna in Estonian and Reval in German. Arab geographer Abu Abd Allah Muhammad al-Idrisi (Arabic أبو عبد الله محمد الإدريسي; Latin: Dreses) (born 1100 - died 1165 or 1166) was a Moroccan cartographer, geographer and traveller who lived in Sicily, at the court of King Roger II. Muhammad al-Idrisi was born inuta, then belonging to the Almoravid Empire (nowadaysuta, Spain) and died in Sicily, or maybe in Sabtah. Al Idrisi claimed that he was a direct descendant of the prophet Muhammad.used it in his map of the world. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/TabulaRogeriana.jpg Al-Idrisi Map
1219 June 15 Valdemar II of Denmark whose mother is a The Varangians or Varyags (Russian, Ukrainian : Варяги, Varyagi) Scandanavian mostly the varangians are Swedes, leading the Danish Fleet in connection with the Livonian Crusade, landed in an Estonian town of Lindanisse [1] at (Latin) Revelia (Estonian) Revala or Rävala, the adjacent ancient Estonian county. The Danish Army defeated the Estonians at the Battle of Lyndanisse. The German and Swedish name Reval (Latin: Revalia) originated from the ancient Estonian name of the county.
1200s The German and Swedish name Reval (Latin: Revalia, earlier Swedish language: Räffle) originated from the 13thntury Estonian name of the adjacent Estonian county of Rävala. Other known ancient historical names of Tallinn include variations of the Estonian Lindanisse[2] (see Battle of Lyndanisse [Battle of Tallinn 1219 June 15]), such as Lyndanisse in Danish, Lindanäs in Swedish, and Ledenets in Old East Slavic. Kesoniemi in Finnish and Kolyvan (Колывань) in Old East Slavic are other historical names.
1272 A farthing is E R ANGLIE DN - Edwardus Rex Anglie (Lord Ireland) - Edward King of the Angles Lord of Ireland, Edward King of England Lord of Ireland. By far the most prolific mint was London, identified on the reverse of the coin by LONDONIENSIS or CIVITAS LONDON or very rarely LONDRIENSIS, but they were also produced at Berwick (VILLA BEREVVICI), Bristol (VILLA BRISTOLLIE), Lincoln (CIVITAS LINCOL), Newcastle (NOVICASTRI), and York (CIVITAS EBORACI), but most of the provincial mints' output is rare today. The weight and fineness of Edwards' farthings varies - the first three issues from the London mint weigh 6.85 grains / 0.44 grams, while the later issues weigh 5.5 grains / 0.36 grams, but the value of the coins remained the same as the heavier coins had a lower fineness or silver content than the lighter coins. The lower silver content made it easier to use as the low silver content farthings were small and were more difficult to use.
1453 May 29 The Fall of Constantinople refers to the capture of the Byzantine Empire's capital by the Ottoman Empire on Tuesday, 1453 May 29. The event marked the end of the political independence of the millennium-old Byzantine Empire, which was by then already fragmented into several Greek monarchies.[7] Most importantly, the fall of Constantinople accelerated the scholarly exodus of Byzantine Greeks which caused the influx of Classical Greek Studies into the European Renaissance.[8] In addition, it played a crucial role in Ottoman political stability and its subsequent expansion in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Balkans. The date of the event is one of the frequently proposed events marking the end of the Middle Ages as a historical period.
1576 Thomas Morton born
1602 Bartholomew Gosnold
1614 John Smith
367 BA English of Scrooby come to land just south of the 42nd parallel north latitude financed by the London Adventurers for fur and stopping point for fishermen of the fishing waters off the coastline for Cod and other fish. Carver is Governor of New Plymouth Plantation.
366 BA Carver dies and Bradford elected as Governor of Plymouth Plantation.
1624 Thomas Morton sails to New Plymouth Plantations at Plimoth with Captain Wollaston and 30 or so colonists indentured young men.
1624/5 Captain Wollaston, Thomas Morton, and 30 or 40 colonists come to the land they name Mount Wollaston from Plymouth to set up a Plantation. http://brownellfamily.rootsweb.com/Braintree.html
1625 James I of England (VI of Scotland) dies and Charles I becomes King.
1626 Captain Wollaston goes to Virginia, Thomas Morton stays here at Mount Wollaston and renames the area Merrymount or Mount Mare or Ma-re Mount citing the Latin word for Sea, or Mountain by the Sea or Hill by the Sea.
1627 Thomas Morton is exiled from Merrymount/MountMare/Mount Wollaston after he erects a Maypole, dances, the English at Plymouth send Myles Standish at New Plymouth Plantations Court in Plymouth, New Plymouth. Calf of Horeb, Mount Dagon, set up a May-pole, drinking and dancing about it many days together, inviting the Indian women, for their consorts, dancing and frisking together, (like so many fairies, or furies rather,) and worse practices. As if they had anew revived &lebrated the feasts of ye Roman Goddess Flora, or ye beastly practices of ye mad Bacchanalians." http://members.aol.com/srasmus/oldentext/merrymount.html
1634 Merrymount/Montmare annexed to the people of boston of the Massachusetts Bay Court, The Governor and Company of Mattachusetts Bay in Newe England in America Bartholomew Gosnold
1635 to 1637 grants of land in the area of Mount Wollaston were made to William Coddington who was to later figure prominently in the founding of Portsmouth, Rhode Island, to William Hutchinson whose wife Anne was excommunicated for her liberal religious views and who then moved to Rhode Island, and to Rev. John Wheelwright, Anne Hutchinson's brother-in-law who was in agreement with her religious views.
1637 Thomas Morton publishes New English Canaan in 1637, describing America's bounty and defending the wisdom and decency of her native inhabitants, while wittily excoriating the Puritan settlers. He was instrumental in having the royal charter of their Massachusetts Bay Colony revoked.
1638 good tillable land was available at Mount Wollaston.
1639 The General Court at Boston gave permission to a Martin Saunders to "keepe a house of intertainement at Mount Woolaston." The next year Saundesr was "alowed" to "draw wine" at Mount Wollaston.
1640 Braintree MA, the General Court of Massachusetts Bay Company granted the petition of the inhabitants of Mount Wollaston to be a town separate from Boston and the town was renamed Braintree. Grants of from eight to 500 acres were made to inhabitants of the town, most before 1645. Although settlement was at first slow, by 1645 the town was petitioning the General Court for more land. This was repeated in 1659, 1666, and 1679. In the petition of 1666, it was cited that the idle land remaining in the town was barren and rentals on fertile land high. Agriculture was the basis of the early life of Braintree. Grazing and the growing of crops were the main occupation of the settlers. The fact that the town minister was paid part of his salary in wood, barley, peas, Indian corn and malt indicates the kind of crops raised there. Education was a vital concern to the people of Braintree, as it was to the Massachusetts Bay Colony as a whole. The earliest surviving town record established a school fund which was used to pay most of the schoolmaster's salary. There was no free education except in cases of extreme poverty. Parents paid varying fees in money or in kind. These fees also went towards the payment of the schoolmaster's salary.
1702 Blenheim Palace Duke of Marlborough, England
1760 In the reign of King George III (1760–1820) the first issue of halfpennies did not come until 10 years after the king's accession, in 1770. Counterfeiting was rampant, and in 1771 the utterance of counterfeit copper coin became a felony; this however had little effect and for the next twenty years or so the majority of copper so-called coins in circulation were forgeries. In March 1782 a woman counterfeiter was hanged, then fixed to a stake and burned before the debtor's door at Newgate prison in London. In a letter to Lord Hawkesbury of 14 April 1789, Matthew Boulton commented "In the course of my journeys, I observe that I receive upon an average two-thirds counterfeit halfpence for change at toll-gates, etc., and I believe the evil is daily increasing, as the spurious money is carried into circulation by the lowest class of manufacturers, who pay with it the principal part of the wages of the poor people they employ". Boulton's contract in 1797 to produce the Cartwheel pennies and twopences, thwarting the counterfeiters, did not extend to producing the halfpenny, though Boulton had expected that it would, and had prepared patterns of the appropriate size and weight in accordance with his ideas on the intrinsic value of copper coins. The reason the government gave for the omission of the denomination from the contract was that the large number of de facto halfpennies (including tokens and fakes!) would be driven out of circulation and Boulton would be unable to produce enough coins to meet the demand that would ensue. Public demand for legal halfpennies soon forced the government to change its mind, and in 1798 a contract was issued to Boulton for him to produce halfpennies and farthings dated 1799. However in the meantime the price of copper had risen, and consequently the weight of the coins was reduced slightly, which resulted in them not being as popular as expected. In 1806 a further 427.5 tons of copper was struck into halfpennies by Boulton, but the price of copper had risen again and the weight was even less than the 1799 issue. This time, however, there was no unfavourable reaction from the public, so perhaps the national obsession with "intrinsic value" was over.
1792 Quincy MA
Updated the March 17, 2008 M
